"Parse a style value for <foo>", where we don't care if it's a literal
<foo> or a calculated one, is a really common thing that we previously
didn't have methods for.
A couple of methods we had have been extended to parse calc(), and the
others have been filled in.
The method for parsing the `flex` property's value is renamed
`parse_flex_shorthand_value()` as it conflicted.
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